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4- to 6-month-olds can track briefly occluded objects
scenario | method | source |
1 vs 2 objects | habituation | Spelke et al 1995 |
one unperceived object constrains another’s movement | habituation | Baillargeon 1987 |
where did I hide it? | violation-of-expectations | Wilcox et al 1996 |
wide objects can’t disappear behind a narrow occluder | violation-of-expectations | Wang et al 2004 |
when and where will it reappear? | anticipatory looking | Rosander et al 2004 |
marker of object maintenanc | EEG | Kaufman et al 2005 |
How?
occlusion | endarkening | |
violation-of-expectations | ✔ | ✘ |
manual search | ✘ | ✔ |
Charles & Rivera (2009)
The CLSTX conjecture:
Five-month-olds’ abilities to track briefly unperceived objects
are not grounded on belief or knowledge:
instead
they are consequences of the operations of
a system of object indexes.
Leslie et al (1989); Scholl and Leslie (1999); Carey and Xu (2001)
... and of a further, independent capacity to track physical objects which involves motor representations and processes.
A Question:
What can object indexes explain?
occlusion | endarkening | |
violation-of-expectations | ✔ | ✘ |
manual search | ✘ | ✔ |
Charles & Rivera (2009)
Functions of object indexes:
✔ influence how attention is allocated
✔ guide ongoing actions (e.g. visual tracking, reaching)
✘ initiate purposive actions
Wynn 1992, fig 1 (part)